# Distance Estimate

See mathr.co.uk/de for a bit about distance estimates for fractals.

The formulas are presented here without much commentary so far.

# 1 Distance Estimate

Given (x,y)(x, y) screenspace pixel coordinates, and fractal formula iterates (X,Y)(X, Y) with subscripts indicating derivatives w.r.t. subscripted variable, then the directional components (U,V)(U, V) of a distance estimate in pixels are:

U=(Y2+X2)(YYx+XXx)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)V=−(Y2+X2)(YYy+XXy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)\begin{aligned} U &= \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y Y_x + X X_x) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ V &= -\frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y Y_y + X X_y) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \end{aligned}

Then

|d|=U2+V2=(Y2+X2)log(Y2+X2)2Y2Yy2+2XYXyYy+Y2Yx2+2XYXxYx+X2Xy2+X2Xx2.|d| = \sqrt{U^2 + V^2} = \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 \sqrt{Y^2 Y_y^2 + 2 X Y X_y Y_y + Y^2 Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_x Y_x + X^2 X_y^2 + X^2 X_x^2}}.

# 2 Spatial Derivative Of Distance Estimate

Requires second derivatives of the iterates X,YX, Y.

Derivative of magnitude may be useful for colouring effects:

|d|x=(YYx+XXx)(1+log(Y2+X2))Y2Yy2+2XYXyYy+Y2Yx2+2XYXxYx+X2Xy2+X2Xx2−(2YYxYy2+2Y2YxyYy+2XXyYxYy+2YXxXyYy+2XYXxyYy+2Y2YxYxx+2XYXxYxx+2XYXyYxy+2YYx3+2XXxYx2+2XYXxxYx+2YXx2Yx+2XXxXy2+2X2XxyXy+2X2XxXxx+2XXx3)(Y2+X2)log(Y2+X2)4(Y2Yy2+2XYXyYy+Y2Yx2+2XYXxYx+X2Xy2+X2Xx2)3/2|d|y=(YYy+XXy)(1+log(Y2+X2))Y2Yy2+2XYXyYy+Y2Yx2+2XYXxYx+X2Xy2+X2Xx2−(2Y2YyYyy+2XYXyYyy+2YYy3+2XXyYy2+2YYx2Yy+2XXxYxYy+2XYXyyYy+2YXy2Yy+2Y2YxYxy+2XYXxYxy+2YXxXyYx+2XYXxyYx+2X2XyXyy+2XXy3+2XXx2Xy+2X2XxXxy)(Y2+X2)log(Y2+X2)4(Y2Yy2+2XYXyYy+Y2Yx2+2XYXxYx+X2Xy2+X2Xx2)3/2\begin{aligned} |d|_x &= \frac{(Y Y_x + X X_x) (1 + \log(Y^2 + X^2))}{\sqrt{Y^2 Y_y^2 + 2 X Y X_y Y_y + Y^2 Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_x Y_x + X^2 X_y^2 + X^2 X_x^2}} \\ &- \frac{(2 Y Y_x Y_y^2 + 2 Y^2 Y_{xy} Y_y + 2 X X_y Y_x Y_y + 2 Y X_x X_y Y_y + 2 X Y X_{xy} Y_y + 2 Y^2 Y_x Y_{xx} + 2 X Y X_x Y_{xx} + 2 X Y X_y Y_{xy} + 2 Y Y_x^3 + 2 X X_x Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_{xx} Y_x + 2 Y X_x^2 Y_x + 2 X X_x X_y^2 + 2 X^2 X_{xy} X_y + 2 X^2 X_x X_{xx} + 2 X X_x^3) (Y^2 + X^2) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{4 (Y^2 Y_y^2 + 2 X Y X_y Y_y + Y^2 Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_x Y_x + X^2 X_y^2 + X^2 X_x^2)^{3/2}} \\ |d|_y &= \frac{(Y Y_y + X X_y) (1 + \log(Y^2 + X^2))}{\sqrt{Y^2 Y_y^2 + 2 X Y X_y Y_y + Y^2 Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_x Y_x + X^2 X_y^2 + X^2 X_x^2}} \\ &- \frac{(2 Y^2 Y_y Y_{yy} + 2 X Y X_y Y_{yy} + 2 Y Y_y^3 + 2 X X_y Y_y^2 + 2 Y Y_x^2 Y_y + 2 X X_x Y_x Y_y + 2 X Y X_{yy} Y_y + 2 Y X_y^2 Y_y + 2 Y^2 Y_x Y_{xy} + 2 X Y X_x Y_{xy} + 2 Y X_x X_y Y_x + 2 X Y X_{xy} Y_x + 2 X^2 X_y X_{yy} + 2 X X_y^3 + 2 X X_x^2 X_y + 2 X^2 X_x X_{xy}) (Y^2 + X^2) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{4 (Y^2 Y_y^2 + 2 X Y X_y Y_y + Y^2 Y_x^2 + 2 X Y X_x Y_x + X^2 X_y^2 + X^2 X_x^2)^{3/2}} \end{aligned}

See: https://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/~cheritat/wiki-draw/index.php/Mandelbrot_set#Variation.

The derivatives of the directional components might possibly have some use too:

Ux=(Y2+X2)(YYxx+(Yx)2+XXxx+(Xx)2)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(YYx+XXx)(2YYx+2XXx)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(YYx+XXx)(2YYx+2XXx)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)−(Y2+X2)(YYx+XXx)(2(YYy+XXy)(YxYy+YYxy+XxXy+XXxy)+2(YYx+XXx)(YYxx+(Yx)2+XXxx+(Xx)2))log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)2Uy=(Y2+X2)(YxYy+YYxy+XxXy+XXxy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(YYx+XXx)(2YYy+2XXy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(YYx+XXx)(2YYy+2XXy)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)−(Y2+X2)(YYx+XXx)(2(YYy+XXy)(YYyy+(Yy)2+XXyy+(Xy)2)+2(YYx+XXx)(YxYy+YYxy+XxXy+XXxy))log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)2Vx=(Y2+X2)(−YxYy−YYxy−XxXy−XXxy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(2YYx+2XXx)(−YYy−XXy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(2YYx+2XXx)(−YYy−XXy)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)−((Y2+X2)(−YYy−XXy)(2(YYy+XXy)(YxYy+YYxy+XxXy+XXxy)+2(YYx+XXx)(YYxx+(Yx)2+XXxx+(Xx)2))log(Y2+X2))(2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)2)Vy=(Y2+X2)((−YYyy)−(Yy)2−XXyy−(Xy)2)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(−YYy−XXy)(2YYy+2XXy)log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)+(−YYy−XXy)(2YYy+2XXy)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)−(Y2+X2)((−YYy)−XXy)(2(YYy+XXy)(YYyy+(Yy)2+XXyy+(Xy)2)+2(YYx+XXx)(YxYy+YYxy+XxXy+XXxy))log(Y2+X2)2((YYy+XXy)2+(YYx+XXx)2)2\begin{aligned} U_x &= \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y Y_{xx} + (Y_x)^2 + X X_{xx} + (X_x)^2) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 Y Y_x + 2 X X_x) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 Y Y_x + 2 X X_x)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &- \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 (Y Y_y + X X_y) (Y_x Y_y + Y Y_{xy} + X_x X_y + X X_{xy}) + 2 (Y Y_x + X X_x) (Y Y_{xx} + (Y_x)^2 + X X_{xx} + (X_x)^2)) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)^2} \\ U_y &= \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y_x Y_y + Y Y_{xy} + X_x X_y + X X_{xy}) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 Y Y_y + 2 X X_y) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 Y Y_y + 2 X X_y)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &- \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (Y Y_x + X X_x) (2 (Y Y_y + X X_y) (Y Y_{yy} + (Y_y)^2 + X X_{yy} + (X_y)^2) + 2 (Y Y_x + X X_x) (Y_x Y_y + Y Y_{xy} + X_x X_y + X X_{xy})) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)^2} \\ V_x &= \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (- Y_x Y_y - Y Y_{xy} - X_x X_y - X X_{xy}) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(2 Y Y_x + 2 X X_x) (- Y Y_y - X X_y) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(2 Y Y_x + 2 X X_x) (- Y Y_y - X X_y)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &- \frac{((Y^2 + X^2) (- Y Y_y - X X_y) (2 (Y Y_y + X X_y) (Y_x Y_y + Y Y_{xy} + X_x X_y + X X_{xy}) + 2 (Y Y_x + X X_x) (Y Y_{xx} + (Y_x)^2 + X X_{xx} + (X_x)^2)) \log(Y^2 + X^2))}{(2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)^2)} \\ V_y &= \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (( - Y Y_{yy}) - (Y_y)^2 - X X_{yy} - (X_y)^2) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(- Y Y_y - X X_y) (2 Y Y_y + 2 X X_y) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &+ \frac{(- Y Y_y - X X_y) (2 Y Y_y + 2 X X_y)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)} \\ &- \frac{(Y^2 + X^2) (( - Y Y_y) - X X_y) (2 (Y Y_y + X X_y) (Y Y_{yy} + (Y_y)^2 + X X_{yy} + (X_y)^2) + 2 (Y Y_x + X X_x) (Y_x Y_y + Y Y_{xy} + X_x X_y + X X_{xy})) \log(Y^2 + X^2)}{2 ((Y Y_y + X X_y)^2 + (Y Y_x + X X_x)^2)^2} \end{aligned}

# 3 Source

Maxima input was:

X : f(x, y)$
Y : g(x, y)$
dX : X * diff(X, x) + Y * diff(Y, x);
dY : X * diff(X, y) + Y * diff(Y, y);
deX : (X^2 + Y^2) * log(X^2 + Y^2)/2 * dX / (dX^2 + dY^2);
deY : (X^2 + Y^2) * log(X^2 + Y^2)/2 * -dY / (dX^2 + dY^2);
de : radcan(sqrt(deX^2 + deY^2));
diff(de, x);
diff(de, y);
diff(deX, x);
diff(deX, y);
diff(deY, x);
diff(deY, y);

Equations above extracted from output wxMaxima document using a shell script:

cat content.xml |
sed "s|<t[^>]*>||g" |
sed "s|</t>||g" |
tr -d " " |
sed "s|&apos;diff(f(x,y),x,1)|X_x|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(f(x,y),y,1)|X_y|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(g(x,y),x,1)|Y_x|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(g(x,y),y,1)|Y_y|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(f(x,y),x,2)|X_{xx}|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(f(x,y),x,1,y,1)|X_{xy}|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(f(x,y),y,2)|X_{yy}|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(g(x,y),x,2)|Y_{xx}|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(g(x,y),x,1,y,1)|Y_{xy}|g" |
sed "s|&apos;diff(g(x,y),y,2)|Y_{yy}|g" |
sed "s|f(x,y)|X|g" |
sed "s|g(x,y)|Y|g" |
sed "s|\([+*/-]\)| \1 |g" |
sed "s| [*] | |g" |
sed "s|log|\\\\log|g" |
sed "s|sqrt|\\\\sqrt|g"